To understand better what constitutes a pilot’s work, we will attempt to break the normal work patterns down into their constituent parts, and then reconstruct those parts into a broad overview of the demands that modern airline pilots must cope with in the course of their normal work.
To illustrate, let us examine how a pilots work could be distributed over a year long period. If we take a year of 365 days and from that subtract the legal minimum annual leave of 20 days (28 days in total- 5 days leave plus weekends) plus the allowance given to compensate for bank holidays- 9 days ( 13 days in total). This leaves 326 days available for work. Now subtract 8 days off per 28 days across the remaining year. 326-93=233 days available to work.
Finally reduce the available days by the average number of non-flying duties that a pilot must complete every year. 4 days simulator checks & training. 1 day groundschool, 1 day safety/security training. 233-6=227
This leaves an average daily flight total of 4 hours or 20 hours per week. Bear in mind that these are minimum figures. Average pilots employed for 5 years plus would expect annual leave of 35 – 40+ days (49-56 days free of duty) and average of 9 days of per 28 days. This increases the daily average to 4.19 or just shy of 21 flight hours per week. Of note the older, more senior a pilot is, the harder he must work to achieve his max productivity during his available period.
In order to achieve the approximate total of 4 hours of flight time per day, we can assume 4 flights of 1 hour duration (scheduled times) Add to this a minimum of 45 minutes pre-flight preparation time, a minimum of 25 minutes between flights (75 minutes total) and a minimum of 20 minutes to complete post duty paperwork, you get an average duty time of 6 hours and 20 minutes. If you work on 6 sectors of 50 minute duration, the total duty is 8 hours 10 minutes. Operations through busy hub airports such as Heathrow or Schiphol turnarounds can increase up to 1 hour, further extending the duty period. No allowance is included for breaks of any kind. It is normal for pilots to grab refreshments during quiet periods in flight or in their seat during turnarounds. So you can see that 5 days work an average can range from as little as 31 hours up to 40+hours. These calculations are also only to be compared to planned schedules. In reality pilots must regularly endure ground and air congestion which can result in delays, which can accumulate over a period of days to a significant sum.
These times are simply clock times and in no way reflect any effects that the time of day may have on the real impact of that duty. Studies such as the CAA Review of Aircrew Fatigue 2005 have shown that when a duty starts before a certain time, then it must be assumed that a certain amount of sleep has been missed, and consequently the effect of a duty on the body will feel longer by up to several hours. For example a 9 hour duty starting at 6am will have the equivalent effect on the body of approx 12 hours. Sleep value was observed to reduce by 30 minutes for every hour before 0900 report time. Similarly, studies have shown that the effect of consecutive early starts is to increase the duty period experienced. Each successive day was associated with an increase in fatigue which was equivalent to an extra 40 minutes of duty per day. Finally, in order to estimate the actual impact of a duty on a pilot’s body, you must also factor in an allowance to compensate for the effects of multi-sector flying. The increase from one to four sectors was equivalent to an additional 2.77 hours on duty.